Near infra-red spectroscopy (NIR) is a rapid technique to detect adulteration of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) by palm oil products and by-products if the level of adulteration is more than 10%. Below this, the technique can detect scavenger, alcohol bottom, ester bottom or soap stock contamination. Determination of solid fat content (SFC) by pulsed […]

Sustainable agriculture is a system that can evolve indefinitely towards greater human utility, efficient use of resources, balanced with an environment which is favourable to humans and most other species. One of the ways to encourage sustainability in agriculture is by encouraging innovations. These include innovation in new and more efficient plant and animal breeds […]