Techniques for detecting adulteration in palm kernel oil

Near infra-red spectroscopy (NIR) is a rapid technique to detect adulteration of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) by palm oil products and by-products if the level of adulteration is more than 10%. Below this, the technique can detect scavenger, alcohol bottom, ester bottom or soap stock contamination. Determination of solid fat content (SFC) by pulsed […]

Material flow cost accounting (MFCA): a brief introduction

Since the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century, man has started to pollute the environment. This was accelerated after the Second World War when synthetic materials began to appear. The production of these materials and other new inventions that greatly impact on the socio-economic conditions of the populace also greatly accelerated […]

A review on the production of glycol from glycerol

Crude glycerol is the primary by-product of the biodiesel industry and too costly to purify it into a higher quality product. However, glycerol can be converted into other useful products used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries such as trimethylene glycol (1,3-propanediol), propylene glycol (1,2-propanediol), ethylene glycol and ethanol through the hydrogenation process and the […]

Physical properties of red palm-based ice cream

Ice cream was formulated using a blend of non-fat milk solids and red palm olein. The purpose of adding red palm olein was to maximize the use of red palm oil in dairy products. Ice cream was produced using different percentages of red palm olein, namely, 10%, 8% and 5%. The samples were coded as […]